Catalunya

Catalunya, known in Spanish as Cataluña, is an autonomous community and historic region in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The region covers about 32,000 square kilometers and has a population of around 7.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona, a major economic and cultural center.

It has a devolved system within Spain, governed by a regional government known as the Generalitat de Catalunya, with its own president and parliament (Parlament de Catalunya). The Statute of Autonomy defines the region’s competencies, which include education, health, transport, and culture, while some functions remain under national jurisdiction. The region has experienced a long-standing independence movement, culminating in a controversial 2017 referendum.

Catalan is the co-official language with Spanish, used in education, media, and public life alongside Spanish. The culture is noted for its distinct traditions, architecture, festivals, and cuisine.

Economically, Catalunya is one of Spain's most productive regions, with strengths in manufacturing, services, industry, and tourism. Major sectors include automotive, chemical, ICT, and tourism. The region hosts major ports and airports; Barcelona is a leading logistics hub and tourist destination.

Historically part of the Crown of Aragon and later integrated into the modern Spanish state, Catalunya obtained autonomy through the 1978 Constitution and subsequent Statutes. The 2006 Statute expanded competencies before being partially challenged in 2010 by constitutional court rulings.