Calluses

Calluses are areas of thickened, hardened skin that form in response to repeated friction or pressure. They most often develop on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands but can occur where skin rubs against surfaces. Calluses are a normal protective adaptation and differ from corns, which are typically smaller and more focused.

Causes include ill-fitting footwear, abnormal foot mechanics, and repetitive activities that stress the skin, such as running, dancing, or manual labor. Some medical conditions that alter weight bearing or gait—like flat feet or toe deformities—can increase risk. The skin thickens through hyperkeratosis as keratinocytes respond to mechanical stimulation.

Symptoms are usually a broad, flat area of thick, rough skin that may look yellowish or gray. The surface can crack with dryness, and pressure may cause tenderness only if the callus becomes very hard or fissures form. Calluses are distinguished from warts or corns by their size, shape, and lack of a central core.

Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on appearance and history. In some cases, a clinician may assess underlying deformities or order imaging if bone or joint issues are suspected.

Treatment aims to reduce friction and remove excess skin. Options include protective padding, wearing well-fitting shoes, and routine moisturizing. Keratolytic agents such as salicylic acid can soften calluses, and professionals may perform careful debridement. Do not cut or shave calluses yourself, as this can cause injury or infection.

Prevention involves appropriate footwear, hand protection when using tools, regular skin care, and addressing underlying causes of pressure with orthotics or activity modification. People with diabetes, neuropathy, or poor circulation should seek medical advice before self-care for foot calluses.