CXCL1

CXCL1, also known as GRO-α (growth-regulated oncogene alpha), is a chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is a secreted signaling protein that primarily acts as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, guiding their migration to sites of infection or injury. Its activity is largely mediated through the CXCR2 receptor, with the ELR motif near the N-terminus contributing to its pro-angiogenic and neutrophil-recruiting properties.

Expression and regulation of CXCL1 occur in a variety of cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Its transcription is induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and tissue damage, linking it to innate immune responses. Downstream signaling promotes neutrophil chemotaxis, activation, and degranulation, and can also influence endothelial cell behavior and angiogenesis.

Physiological and pathophysiological roles of CXCL1 span host defense, wound healing, and tissue remodeling. By recruiting neutrophils, it contributes to the initial inflammatory response to infection and injury. In some contexts, CXCL1 can promote angiogenesis, which may affect tissue repair and tumor biology. In cancer, CXCL1’s actions can support tumor-associated inflammation and neovascularization, potentially aiding tumor progression, though effects are often context-dependent.

Clinical aspects of CXCL1 focus on its role as a biomarker of inflammation and its potential as a therapeutic target. Elevated CXCL1 levels have been reported in various inflammatory diseases and cancers, and blocking CXCR2 signaling is being explored to mitigate neutrophil-driven pathology.