CONH22

CONH22 refers to the chemical formula CO(NH2)2, commonly written as urea or carbamide. It is the diamide of carbonic acid and is a widely produced and used organic compound in agriculture, industry, and science. Urea occurs naturally in urine and certain body fluids as a major nitrogen-containing compound, and it is also synthesized on a large scale for commercial applications.

Physically, urea is a colorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It melts at about 133°C, typically decomposing before a clean melt at higher temperatures. It is relatively stable at ambient conditions but can decompose when subjected to strong heat or prolonged exposure to moisture and microbes.

Industrial production of urea proceeds mainly via the ammonium carbamate route. Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide to form ammonium carbamate, which is then dehydrated to give urea and water. This process is energy-efficient and forms the basis of most modern fertilizer and chemical-u­rea production facilities. Urea can also be produced in smaller quantities through alternative synthesis routes.

Uses of urea are broad. The largest single application is as a nitrogen fertilizer, providing a high-nitrogen content and favorable handling characteristics. It is also employed as a feed supplement for livestock, a raw material for resins (notably urea-formaldehyde resins), a humectant in cosmetics, and an intermediate in the manufacture of various organic chemicals.

Safety considerations are important. Urea has relatively low acute toxicity but can irritate skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. It should be handled with standard industrial hygiene practices, stored in a dry, shaded environment, and protected from moisture and contamination.

History and significance: urea was first synthesized by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828, marking a landmark in organic chemistry by showing that an organic compound could be prepared from inorganic precursors.