CNStoxiciteter

CNStoxiciteter is a category used in toxicology to describe adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) caused by exposure to chemical, pharmacological, or physical agents. The term, used in several European languages, denotes a spectrum of CNS disturbances rather than a single disease, ranging from mild cognitive slowing and dizziness to seizures, coma, or death.

Common causes include drugs such as opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and anticholinergics; alcohols and other sedatives; exposure to solvents, heavy metals, and pesticides; and environmental toxins such as carbon monoxide or cyanide. The presentation depends on the agent, dose, duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility.

Mechanisms are diverse and may involve receptor modulation, disrupted neurotransmitter signaling, metabolic derangements, hypoxia, or direct neuronal injury. Some toxicants produce rapid electrophysiological effects, while others cause delayed or cumulative CNS damage.

Clinical features include altered consciousness, confusion, ataxia, dizziness, agitation, pupil abnormalities, seizures, and, in severe cases, coma. Pediatric and elderly patients may show different patterns of presentation and vulnerability.

Diagnosis relies on exposure history, clinical examination, and targeted laboratory testing, including toxicology screens and metabolic panels. Management emphasizes airway and ventilation support, monitoring, and treatment of complications. Specific antidotes or therapies are used when available, for example naloxone for opioid toxicity or fomepizole for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.

Prognosis varies with the causative agent, dose, comorbidity, and timeliness of care. Prevention focuses on exposure control, safe handling of chemicals and medications, and public health measures to reduce environmental CNS toxicants.