CCL2MCP1

CCL2MCP1 is the chemokine commonly known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). It is encoded by the CCL2 gene and belongs to the CC chemokine family. MCP-1 is a small secreted protein that acts as a chemoattractant, guiding the migration of monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to sites of tissue injury or infection. In many resources, the terms CCL2, MCP-1, and CCL2/MCP-1 are used interchangeably to refer to the same molecule.

Production and mechanism of action: MCP-1 is produced by a variety of cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and astrocytes, in response to inflammatory stimuli. It exerts its effects primarily through the G protein–coupled receptor CCR2 on target cells. Binding of MCP-1 to CCR2 triggers intracellular signaling pathways that promote chemotaxis, cell activation, and the release of additional inflammatory mediators.

Regulation and expression: MCP-1 expression is upregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, as well as by bacterial components like lipopolysaccharide. Transcription factors such as NF-κB contribute to its inducible expression. Environmental and metabolic factors can influence MCP-1 levels, linking inflammation to various physiological and pathological states.

Clinical relevance: Elevated MCP-1 levels have been associated with inflammatory and metabolic conditions, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes, and neuroinflammatory disorders. The MCP-1/CCR2 axis has been explored as a therapeutic target, with CCR2 inhibitors and anti-MCP-1 strategies investigated in clinical and preclinical studies, though results have been variable.