CBDs

Central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business core of a city. It is typically located in the most accessible part of the urban area and functions as the primary concentration of office buildings, financial institutions, government offices, and major retail facilities. CBDs are characterized by high land values, dense development, and a large daytime population drawn by employment opportunities.

CBDs often sit at or near historic centers and major transit interchanges, such as principal railway stations and central business rail lines. The built environment typically features high-rise office towers, courts, city halls, and flagship stores. Mixed-use activity is common, with retail and entertainment sectors complementing professional services.

CBDs expanded in many cities during industrialization, driven by centralized administrative functions and the need for proximity to markets and transportation. In some cities, secondary or sub-centers have emerged to distribute growth and reduce congestion, while some CBDs have evolved into mixed-use neighborhoods with housing and cultural amenities.

Well-known CBDs include the City of London in the United Kingdom, Midtown and the Financial District in New York City, La Défense near Paris, and Tokyo's Nihonbashi and Marunouchi areas. However, the precise boundaries and characteristics of a CBD vary by city.

CBDs face pressures from rising land values, traffic congestion, and the need for affordable housing. Urban planners pursue strategies such as transit-oriented development, pedestrian-friendly street networks, and expanded public spaces to maintain accessibility and resilience.