Bullheads

Bullheads are freshwater catfish that belong to the family Ictaluridae. In North America, the common term refers to several species in the genus Ameiurus, especially the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), black bullhead (Ameiurus melas), and yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis). They are stocky, medium-sized fish with broad heads and barbels around the mouth; they possess sharp dorsal and pectoral fin spines that can inflict a painful bite if handled carelessly.

Bullheads inhabit rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes with soft, muddy, or sandy bottoms and are tolerant of low-oxygen environments. They are widespread in eastern and central North America, with ranges that extend into various interior drainages and reservoirs. Their distribution has sometimes expanded where habitats remain suitable, and they can coexist with other freshwater species.

Ecology and biology: Bullheads are bottom feeders and omnivores, feeding on insect larvae, crustaceans, small fish, worms, and plant material. They reproduce in spring, with males typically guarding nests in shallow, warm areas. Eggs and early fry are tended until they are capable of independent feeding. Adults are generally nocturnal or crepuscular and can be found in quiet backwaters or near submerged structures.

Importance and status: Bullheads are valuable to recreational anglers and are used for food in some regions. In areas where they have been introduced outside their native range, they may compete with local species and alter ecosystems. Conservation status varies by region, but the species commonly associated with bullheads are not universally endangered and often remain abundant where habitats are suitable.