Bufotoxins

Bufotoxins are a group of toxic compounds found in the venom of certain toads, particularly those in the genus Bufo, as well as in other amphibians and some insects. These toxins are primarily steroidal glycosides and are secreted from glands located on the toad's skin and in the parotoid glands behind the eyes. The primary function of bufotoxins is defense against predators.

The chemical structure of bufotoxins varies, but they often contain bufagenins and bufotoxins themselves. These compounds can cause a range of adverse effects when ingested or absorbed, including severe gastrointestinal distress, cardiac arrhythmias, hallucinations, and in high doses, death. The toxicity can also affect pets that may lick or attempt to eat toads.

While highly toxic to many animals, including humans, bufotoxins have also been a subject of research for their potential medicinal properties. In traditional medicine, extracts from certain toad species have been used, and ongoing research explores the pharmacological potential of isolated bufotoxins for applications such as local anesthetics and anti-cancer agents. However, direct contact with toad secretions should be avoided due to their potent nature. The composition and toxicity of bufotoxins can differ significantly between species.