Broncoconstrição

Broncoconstrição refers to the narrowing of the airways in the lungs, specifically the bronchi and bronchioles. This constriction is caused by the tightening of the smooth muscles surrounding these airways. It is a common symptom of various respiratory conditions and can lead to difficulty breathing.

Several factors can trigger broncoconstrição. In individuals with asthma, it is often a response to allergens, irritants like smoke or pollution, exercise, or respiratory infections. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, can also cause persistent broncoconstrição due to inflammation and damage to the airways. Other causes include allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, and certain medications.

The symptoms of broncoconstrição typically include wheezing, a whistling sound during breathing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness. The severity can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening respiratory distress.

Diagnosis usually involves a physical examination, listening to the lungs with a stethoscope, and pulmonary function tests such as spirometry. Spirometry measures how much air can be inhaled and exhaled, and how quickly.

Treatment aims to relieve the airway narrowing and improve breathing. Bronchodilators, medications that relax the smooth muscles of the airways, are commonly prescribed. These can be administered via inhalers for quick relief. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as corticosteroids, may also be used to reduce underlying inflammation, especially in conditions like asthma and COPD. Managing the underlying cause is crucial for long-term control.