Bolbitis

Bolbitis is a genus of ferns belonging to the family Dryopteridaceae. These ferns are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with a significant diversity in Southeast Asia and the Americas. Bolbitis species are often semi-aquatic or terrestrial, with some adapted to grow in or near water, such as along riverbanks, in swamps, or on wet rocks. Their common name, "bolbitis," is sometimes used interchangeably with "water fern," although this can also refer to other aquatic fern genera.

The morphology of Bolbitis ferns can vary. Many species have creeping rhizomes from which fronds emerge. The fronds are typically pinnately compound, meaning they are divided into smaller leaflets called pinnae. The texture of the fronds can range from soft and delicate to somewhat leathery. In aquatic or semi-aquatic environments, the submerged fronds may differ in appearance from those exposed to air. Reproduction is via spores produced in sporangia, usually located on the underside of the fronds.

In horticulture, certain Bolbitis species are popular as aquarium plants, particularly Bolbitis heudelotii, also known as African water fern. These plants are valued for their attractive, dark green fronds and their ability to thrive in submerged conditions. They are often attached to driftwood or rocks, where they can slowly grow and spread. Cultivation typically requires moderate to high humidity, consistent water levels, and nutrient-rich substrates. Some terrestrial species are also cultivated for their ornamental value in shaded, moist garden settings.