Blackdrink

Blackdrink, also known by various indigenous names such as *ase*, *tasting*, or *kaff*, is a ceremonial beverage traditionally consumed by certain Native American tribes of the Southeastern Woodlands. Its preparation and consumption were integral to a range of social, political, and religious events. The drink is typically made from the roasted leaves of the yaupon holly (*Ilex vomitoria*), a native plant found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America.

The preparation of blackdrink involved roasting the yaupon leaves until they turned a dark brown or black color, giving the beverage its common English name. The roasted leaves were then steeped in hot water to create a strong, bitter infusion. The resulting liquid was often frothy and consumed in large quantities.

Historically, blackdrink played a significant role in important ceremonies, including purification rituals, pre-war gatherings, peace negotiations, and council meetings. It was believed to induce vomiting, which was seen as a form of spiritual cleansing and renewal. The act of drinking and vomiting together was a communal experience that fostered social cohesion and reinforced shared beliefs. The precise rituals and meanings associated with blackdrink varied among different tribes, but its ceremonial importance remained a common thread. While its use has diminished in modern times, some cultural revitalization efforts aim to preserve and revive the traditions associated with blackdrink.