Biotrauma

Biotrauma refers to the damage to biological tissues caused by rapid pressure changes. It is often associated with underwater diving and underwater explosions, but can also occur in other scenarios involving significant pressure fluctuations. The primary mechanism of biotrauma is barotrauma, which is the physical injury caused by pressure differences between air-filled spaces in the body and the surrounding environment.

In diving, barotrauma can affect the ears, sinuses, and lungs. During descent, increased external pressure can cause these air-filled spaces to compress, leading to pain and potential tissue damage if the pressure is not equalized. During ascent, expanding air in these spaces can cause damage if it cannot escape freely. Lung overexpansion injuries, for example, can occur if a diver holds their breath during ascent, leading to air bubbles entering the bloodstream.

Underwater explosions also generate rapid pressure waves that can cause significant biotrauma. These pressure waves can directly damage organs and tissues. The sudden compression and subsequent rarefaction (expansion) of gases within the body, particularly in air-filled organs like the lungs and intestines, can lead to tearing and rupture.

Symptoms of biotrauma vary depending on the location and severity of the injury. They can include pain, bleeding, dizziness, hearing loss, and in severe cases, respiratory distress or neurological damage. Prevention and treatment of biotrauma often involve careful pressure management, proper diving techniques, and prompt medical attention.