Biomatrix

Biomatrix refers to the complex network of macromolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to cells within tissues. In biology and medicine, it is often used interchangeably with the extracellular matrix (ECM) or with ECM-derived materials used in research and therapies. The biomatrix includes proteins such as collagens, elastin, laminin, and fibronectin, as well as proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, assembled into basement membranes and interstitial matrices. It is secreted by resident cells, such as fibroblasts, and its composition varies by tissue and developmental stage.

It serves as a mechanical scaffold that distributes forces, influences cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, and stores and releases signaling molecules such as growth factors. The biomatrix is dynamic, undergoing remodeling through enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, which alter its composition and mechanics in development, wound healing, and disease.

In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, biomatrix materials include natural extracellular matrices, decellularized tissues (dECM), and synthetic or hybrid hydrogels designed to resemble native ECM. These biomatrices support cell survival and guide tissue formation, and may be used as scaffolds for implants, organ repair, or organ-on-a-chip systems. In cancer biology, changes in the biomatrix influence tumor progression, invasion, and response to therapy.

Safety, manufacturing, and regulatory considerations vary by application, but researchers strive to balance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and bioactive signaling. See also extracellular matrix, tissue engineering, decellularization.