Biofilmid

Biofilmid is a structured community of microorganisms that adheres to biotic or abiotic surfaces and is embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The matrix includes polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, giving the biofilm its viscoelastic properties and protective characteristics. Microorganisms within a biofilmid can include bacteria, fungi, and archaea, often forming complex, multispecies assemblies.

Biofilm formation typically proceeds through stages: initial reversible attachment of free-floating cells to a surface; irreversible attachment as cells produce EPS; maturation into three-dimensional structures with channels for nutrient flow; and dispersion, whereby cells depart to colonize new sites. Quorum sensing and local environmental cues regulate these processes, influencing architecture and activity.

Biofilmid are ubiquitous in natural and engineered settings, from dental plaque and riverbeds to pipes, medical devices, and industrial systems. They offer advantages to residents, such as improved nutrient capture, cooperative metabolism, and resilience to environmental stress. The EPS matrix and the presence of nutrient and oxygen gradients within the biofilm contribute to heterogeneous microenvironments and often reduced growth rates, which can promote tolerance to antimicrobials and the emergence of persistent cells.

Impact and management vary by setting. In healthcare, biofilmid on catheters and implants can drive chronic infections and device failure. In industry, they cause fouling, corrosion, and contamination of products. Detection methods include microscopy, staining (for example, crystal violet), and advanced imaging, while control strategies range from mechanical removal and chemical disinfection to enzymatic degradation of EPS, anti-biofilm coatings, and disruption of signaling pathways.