Bedürfnis

Bedürfnis is a German term describing a felt lack or desire that motivates people to obtain or produce what is needed or desired. It is inherently subjective and can refer to both physical needs, such as hunger or safety, and psychological or social needs, such as belonging or recognition. In everyday language, the concept covers a broad range of motivations, from basic survival to higher-level aspirations.

In economics, the distinction between Bedürfnis and Bedarf (demand) is central. Bedürfnisse denote internal, individual lacks or desires, while Bedarf arises when a need is accompanied by purchasing power and market offerings. Only Bedarf can be satisfied through consumption, making it measurable, whereas Bedürfnisse remain subjective. The framework also considers scarcity (Knappheit), which limits how many Bedürfnisse can be fulfilled at a given time. The classification of Bedürfnisse typically includes Grundbedürfnisse (basic needs) and Kultur- oder Luxusbedürfnisse (cultural or luxury needs), as well as distinctions between tangible and intangible needs.

In psychology and sociology, Bedürfnisse are seen as drivers of behavior and social interaction. The concept is elaborated in theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which organizes needs from physiological and safety needs to belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Social and cultural contexts shape which Bedürfnisse are prioritized and how they are pursued.

The term is sometimes used broadly or interchangeably with Wünsche (wants), but meisten theoretischen Ansätzen keep a distinction: Bedürfnisse are felt lacks that motivate action, while Wünsche are more subjective desires. Overall, Bedürfnisse are a foundational concept for understanding human motivation, consumption, and social behavior.