Batteryelectric

Battery electric refers to propulsion systems that derive all driving energy from on-board rechargeable batteries, rather than from internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. In a battery-electric vehicle (BEV) or device, energy is stored in a traction battery and delivered to an electric motor via power electronics. The motor propels the vehicle, while a battery management system monitors state of charge, temperature, and health. Electricity is typically supplied by plugging into an electric grid, enabling charging at home or at public charging stations. Transport BEV charging is categorized as Level 1 (standard household outlet), Level 2 (higher-power AC input), and DC fast charging (high-power direct current). Regenerative braking can recover some kinetic energy back to the battery, increasing overall efficiency.

Batteries used in BEVs have predominantly been lithium-ion chemistries, with ongoing research into solid-state and other chemistries. Battery performance depends on energy density, power delivery, cycle life, safety, and cost. Vehicles use onboard charging equipment to convert alternating current from the grid to direct current stored in the battery; conversely, power electronics route energy to the motor.

Compared with internal combustion engine vehicles, BEVs have zero tailpipe emissions and high efficiency. Operating costs can be lower due to fewer moving parts and cheaper electricity per mile, depending on price and use. Challenges include range limitations, charging infrastructure, longer recharge times, and lifecycle considerations such as mining, manufacturing, recycling, and end-of-life disposal.

BEVs have seen rapid market growth in many regions and are supported by policies, incentives, and evolving charging networks. They are part of broader efforts to decarbonize transportation and integrate with electricity grids and renewable energy sources.