Basilica

A basilica is a term used in architecture and in the Catholic Church to denote a long, rectangular public building in ancient Rome, later adopted as a designation for a church building of particular importance by the pope. The word derives from Latin basilica, which in turn comes from Greek basilikē stoa, meaning royal hall.

In Roman architecture, a basilica served as a public hall for law courts, markets, and other civic activities. It typically had a central nave flanked by aisles, an apse at one end, and was supported by columns. The interior often included a clerestory to bring light into the central space, and the plan could be extended with additional bays or annexes.

In early Christian architecture, the basilica form was adapted for worship. Christian basilicas retain the long nave with side aisles and an apse at the end containing the altar, and they frequently include a transept that creates a cruciform arrangement. The entrance is commonly through a narthex at the front, and the layout supports processions and liturgical rites.

Ecclesiastically, the designation basilica is conferred by the pope on churches for historical, spiritual, or architectural significance. There are four major or archbasilicas in Rome: St. Peter’s, St. Paul Outside the Walls, St. Mary Major, and St. John Lateran. Most other churches designated as basilicas are minor basilicas, found worldwide.

The title reflects importance rather than size and may be associated with significant relics, pilgrimage routes, or notable art and architecture. Basilicas continue to function as places of worship and as centers of liturgical and ceremonial activity.