BPHrelated

BPH-related refers to conditions connected to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate common in older men that can affect urine flow.

Many men with BPH experience lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as frequency, urgency, nocturia, weak or intermittent stream, hesitancy, and incomplete emptying. Obstruction can lead to acute urinary retention, infections, bladder stones, and, rarely, kidney impairment.

BPH results from aging-related hormonal changes that promote growth of the prostate’s transition zone. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. BPH/LUTS are not cancer and do not by themselves indicate prostate cancer, though PSA can be elevated.

Assessment includes history, digital rectal exam, and measurement of post-void residual urine. Uroflowmetry and imaging (ultrasound) may be used. PSA testing helps exclude cancer. In complex cases, cystoscopy or urodynamic studies may be indicated.

Treatment depends on symptom severity and risk of complications. Options range from watchful waiting with lifestyle changes to medications—including alpha blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors—and minimally invasive procedures or surgery for persistent obstruction.

Surgical or medical treatments may affect ejaculation or cause urinary incontinence. Shared decision making, considering comorbidities and patient preferences, guides therapy. Follow-up is used to monitor symptoms and urinary function.

Most patients improve with treatment. BPH-related conditions do not increase overall prostate cancer risk, though cancer can coexist with BPH. Regular follow-up is recommended to monitor symptoms and screen for other urinary issues.