BIPV

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that form a part of a building's envelope or structure, rather than being added as a separate generation system. Common implementations include PV-integrated façades, roof coverings, skylights, and glazing that replaces traditional materials with energy-producing components. BIPV can function as the primary electrical system or as a supplementary source, and it can influence building aesthetics as well as thermal performance. The concept emerged in the late 20th century and has grown with advances in PV efficiency, materials, and architectural design.

Benefits include on-site electricity generation, potential reductions in material use and maintenance, improved thermal insulation and daylighting control, and opportunities for design flexibility. When integrated into the envelope, BIPV can contribute to certified energy targets, reduce grid demand, and lower lifecycle costs in favorable climates or with supportive incentives.

Challenges involve higher upfront costs, longer payback periods, and performance variability due to orientation, shading, and weather. Building design constraints, fire safety considerations, building codes, and the need for specialized installation can complicate projects. Long-term durability and maintainability depend on integration details and access for cleaning or repair.

Technologies encompass crystalline silicon and thin-film PV integrated into roof coverings, façade panels, or glazing; semi-transparent PV glass and PV shingles or tiles; and prefabricated BIPV modules. BIPV is distinct from building-applied PV (BAPV), where standard PV modules are mounted onto an existing envelope rather than forming it.

Standards and economics: Safety, electrical interconnection, and fire performance standards apply, with regional codes shaping installation. The economics of BIPV depend on energy prices, incentives, and the building's lifecycle, and may require higher initial investments offset by long-term energy savings and architectural value.