BCOV

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a coronavirus that infects cattle and is a significant cause of disease in dairy and beef herds worldwide. It belongs to the family Coronaviridae, in the genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Embecovirus, and is part of the species Betacoronavirus 1. The virus is enveloped and has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome, with surface spike proteins that mediate entry into host cells; many strains also possess a hemagglutinin-esterase protein characteristic of Embecoviruses.

BCoV circulates in cattle populations through fecal-oral and respiratory routes. Neonatal calves are commonly affected, developing diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and weight loss; adult cattle may experience winter dysentery, a sudden, often severe form of diarrhea. In addition to enteric disease, BCoV contributes to bovine respiratory disease complex in calves and feedlot cattle, presenting with coughing, nasal discharge, and fever. The virus can be shed in feces and nasal secretions, and environmental stability facilitates spread in herds, especially under stressed or crowded conditions.

Diagnosis is typically based on detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR in nasal swabs or fecal samples, though antigen detection, virus isolation, or serology may be used. Vaccination of cattle aims to enhance maternal antibody transfer to calves and reduce disease severity, but vaccine efficacy can vary; good herd management, sanitation, and proper colostrum administration are important preventive measures.

Treatment is supportive, focusing on hydration and electrolyte balance; antibiotics may be used for secondary bacterial infections. Economic impact arises from reduced weight gain, increased mortality, and costs associated with treatment and control. Ongoing surveillance and biosecurity strategies help limit spread, particularly between calves and adult cattle.