Autoklaver

An autoklaver, or autoclave, is a pressure chamber that uses saturated steam under pressure to sterilize equipment and other items. It is a standard tool in hospitals, clinics, laboratories, dental offices, and the food industry for canning and packaging. In Danish usage the term autoklaver is common, referring to the same device.

The sterilization principle relies on moist heat delivered for a defined time at a specified temperature. Common cycles operate around 121°C (250°F) for 15–20 minutes or 134°C (273°F) for several minutes, with exact times depending on load type and contents. Air removal is essential for effective heat transfer, achieved by gravity-displacement cycles or pre-vacuum (vacuum) cycles. Loads can be wrapped or unwrapped, placed in porous containers, or contained in autoclavable vessels. Packaging materials must withstand steam and seals used to maintain sterility.

Types and configurations vary from tabletop units used in small clinics and laboratories to floor-standing models for centralized facilities. They are designed to sterilize a range of items, including metal instruments, glassware, liquids in vented containers, and certain medical waste or biologically safe loads. Validation involves mechanical, chemical, and biological indicators to confirm effectiveness.

Safety, quality assurance, and maintenance are integral. Regular calibration, water quality checks, and cycle validation ensure reliable performance. Modern autoclaves include interlocked doors, pressure relief devices, and automatic shutdown on faults. Operators follow safety protocols to prevent steam burns and ensure proper handling of loads after cycles.

Standards and history: Modern autoclaves have evolved to use saturated steam under pressure, with standards such as ISO 17665 for moist heat sterilization and EN 13060 for small steam sterilizers guiding design and operation.