Autoimmunité

Autoimmunité refers to a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues. Normally, the immune system distinguishes between foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, and the body's own cells, a process called self-tolerance. In autoimmune diseases, this crucial distinction breaks down, leading to an immune response against self-antigens.

The exact causes of autoimmunity are complex and not fully understood, but a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors is believed to play a significant role. Certain genes can increase an individual's susceptibility, while triggers like infections, exposure to certain chemicals, or prolonged stress might initiate or exacerbate the autoimmune process.

Symptoms of autoimmune diseases vary widely depending on the specific tissues or organs targeted. Some common signs include inflammation, pain, fatigue, and organ-specific dysfunction. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation and damage. In type 1 diabetes, it targets the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Other well-known autoimmune conditions include lupus, multiple sclerosis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests to detect autoantibodies, and imaging studies. Treatment strategies aim to manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, and suppress the overactive immune response. This can include medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants. While many autoimmune diseases are chronic, ongoing research seeks to develop more targeted and effective therapies.