Arbalests

An arbalest is a type of crossbow distinguished by its heavy bow, reinforced stock, and often mechanically assisted draw. The term derives from the Old French arbaleste, with roots in Latin, and the weapon became prominent in Europe during the High Middle Ages, reaching peak use from the 12th to 15th centuries. Compared with lighter crossbows, arbalests delivered higher draw weights and greater momentum, improving armor penetration and siege effectiveness.

Construction and mechanism: Arbalests typically had a wooden stock reinforced with metal, a steel or laminated bow, and a trigger mechanism. To cock and draw the powerful string, many models employed a windlass, rack-and-pinion, or crane to wind the string back, sometimes with crew assistance. The bolts were longer and heavier than those used with lighter crossbows and were designed for armor piercing or blunt impact at practical ranges.

Deployment and use: They were deployed by foot soldiers and on walls or towers as stabilized weapons; crews could operate them from frames or simple supports. Ammunition consisted of stout bolts with heads optimized for armor penetration or blunt impact.

Legacy: With the emergence of firearms in the early modern period, arbalests declined in military use, though they persisted in hunting, ceremonial roles, and as a subject of historical study. Modern reconstructions demonstrate the mechanical complexity and the tactical role of arbalests in medieval siege warfare.