Arachnology

Arachnology is the scientific study of arachnids, a diverse group of jointed-leg invertebrates in the subphylum Chelicerata. The field covers spiders (order Araneae), scorpions (Scorpiones), harvestmen or daddy longlegs (Opiliones), mites and ticks (Acari), and other orders such as pseudoscorpions and whip scorpions. Arachnology encompasses anatomy, physiology, development, behavior, ecology, evolution, and taxonomy of these animals.

Arachnids are characterized by features such as eight legs, two main body segments in most species, and specialized mouthparts; many produce silk or venom and possess respiratory systems ranging from book lungs to tracheae. The study of their diversity includes descriptions of species, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeography. Modern arachnology relies on field surveys, laboratory experiments, microscopy, imaging, and molecular tools such as DNA sequencing and phylogenetics.

Historically, arachnology emerged from broader natural history in the 18th and 19th centuries, with later advances in morphology, systematics, and genetics expanding the field. Research topics include web construction and foraging, venom chemistry, silk properties, reproduction, and social behavior in some species.

Applications of arachnology include pest management, ecological monitoring, and public health, as many mites and ticks affect humans and livestock while spiders and other arachnids provide natural pest control. Venom and silk components have attracted interest for medicine and materials science. Conservation concerns address habitat loss and climate change, which threaten arachnid diversity and ecosystem roles.