Antisepticum

Antisepticum, in medical usage often rendered as antiseptic, refers to chemical agents applied to living tissue to prevent or reduce infection by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Antiseptics are used on skin, mucous membranes, and wounds to lower the risk of septicemia and local infections. They are distinct from disinfectants, which are intended for inanimate surfaces, and from antibiotics, which target microbes inside the body.

Common antisepticum agents include alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol), povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride. Their mechanisms vary: alcohols and chlorhexidine disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins, iodine compounds oxidize cellular components, and hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxidizing agent. Effectiveness depends on the organism, concentration, contact time, and the presence of organic matter. Povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine are widely used for preoperative skin preparation, while ethanol provides rapid action but may cause tissue irritation; hydrogen peroxide is used for cleansing in some settings but can impair healing with high concentrations or prolonged use.

The term antisepticum derives from Latin roots meaning against putrefaction, reflecting its historical aim. The modern concept of antisepsis was developed in the 19th century, most notably by Joseph Lister, who promoted phenolic antiseptics to reduce surgical infections. Today, antiseptics complement sterile technique and are selected based on spectrum of activity, safety, and tolerance by tissues. Potential risks include irritation, allergy, and delayed wound healing with inappropriate use; some agents may be unsuitable for mucous membranes or extensive burns.