Altitud

Altitud is the vertical distance of a point or object from a reference level, most commonly mean sea level (MSL) but it can also refer to height above ground or terrain. In everyday geography, altitude and elevation are often used interchangeably, although some disciplines distinguish between height above a reference surface and position on the Earth’s surface.

Measurement and references: Altitude is measured in units such as meters or feet. Instruments include barometric or aneroid altimeters in aviation, GPS-based systems, radar altimeters for sea or terrain height, and surveying tools for precise geodetic work. In aviation, several specific terms describe altitude relative to different surfaces, such as indicated altitude (shown by the instrument), true altitude (actual height above sea level), pressure altitude (height above a standard pressure surface), and absolute altitude (height above terrain).

Geodetic context: In geodesy, altitude can be defined in several ways. Geometric height is measured above a reference ellipsoid, while orthometric height is height above the geoid (mean sea level adjusted for gravity). These distinctions matter for precise mapping, navigation, and engineering projects.

Ecology and mountains: Altitude strongly influences climate and biology. Temperature typically falls with elevation, producing distinct altitudinal zones that host different ecosystems. The environmental lapse rate is about 6.5°C per 1,000 meters, though it varies with moisture and latitude, affecting species distribution and habitat characteristics.

Applications and relevance: Altitude is relevant in aviation, meteorology, cartography, surveying, construction, mountaineering, and climate science. It provides a standardized framework for describing vertical position in relation to reference levels.