Alpen

Alpen, in German, refers to the Alps, the major European mountain range system. It extends about 1,200 kilometers in an arc from southeastern France across northern Italy and Switzerland into Austria, Liechtenstein, Germany, and Slovenia, forming a natural border and home to diverse cultures. The highest peak is Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco), at 4,808 meters above sea level. The Alps cover roughly 200,000 square kilometers and influence climate, hydrology, and economies across the region.

Geology and geography: The Alps were formed during the Alpine orogeny, as the African plate collided with the Eurasian plate during the Tertiary period. They consist of a complex stack of rock types, including sedimentary, metamorphic, and crystalline rocks, and feature extensive glaciation, though many glaciers have retreated in recent decades. The range is organized into Western, Central, and Eastern sectors, with subranges such as the Graian and Pennine Alps in the west, the Bernese and Valais Alps in the central area, and the Dolomites in the eastern part.

Ecology and environment: Alpine habitats range from temperate valleys to high-altitude meadows and rocky slopes. Notable wildlife includes ibex, chamois, marmots, and golden eagles, while flora features edelweiss and other specialized alpine species. The region contains protected areas and national parks, supporting biodiversity and research. Ongoing climate change has accelerated glacier retreat and altered permafrost and ecosystems.

Human activity and culture: The Alps are densely populated and heavily developed for tourism, winter sports, mountaineering, and transportation. Major passes and rail corridors connect valleys and neighboring regions, while towns, farms, and industries adapt to alpine conditions. The region is culturally diverse, with German, French, Italian, and Romansh influences shaping languages, traditions, and cuisine.