Allergisk

Allergisk is an adjective used in several Scandinavian languages to describe conditions related to allergy. In medical terms, an allergy is a hypersensitive immune response to substances that are normally harmless, such as pollen, foods, or animal dander. The immune system of a person with an allergy produces specific IgE antibodies to the allergen. Upon subsequent exposure, these antibodies trigger the release of mediators like histamine from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms.

Allergic reactions can affect various organ systems. Common allergic diseases include allergic rhinitis (hay fever) with nasal itching, sneezing, and congestion; allergic conjunctivitis with itchy, watery eyes; atopic dermatitis (eczema) with skin inflammation; and asthma, which can cause wheezing and shortness of breath. Food allergies, insect venom allergies, and certain drug allergies are also well described. Allergies can range from mild to severe; in rare cases, reactions can be life-threatening anaphylaxis, requiring prompt treatment with epinephrine.

Diagnosis typically combines patient history with objective testing. Skin prick or intradermal tests and measurement of specific IgE antibodies in blood are commonly used. In some cases, controlled oral food challenges are conducted under medical supervision.

Management focuses on avoidance of known allergens, symptom-relieving medications (such as antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and inhaled therapies for asthma), and, for some conditions, allergen immunotherapy. People at risk of severe reactions may carry an epinephrine auto-injector and develop an action plan. While many allergies persist, proper management can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.