Alkoholismi

Alkoholismi, or alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control drinking despite adverse effects. It spans a range from risky or heavy drinking to compulsive dependence. Diagnostic criteria typically consider patterns such as cravings, loss of control, withdrawal, tolerance, neglect of other activities, and continued use despite problems, with severity classified as mild, moderate, or severe over a 12-month period.

Risk factors include genetics, family history, early initiation of drinking, coexisting mental health disorders, trauma, and environmental influences. AUD can co-occur with other medical conditions and may be influenced by social and cultural context.

Health effects are wide-ranging. They include liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular problems, certain cancers, nerve and brain damage, sleep disturbances, and increased risk of accidents. AUD also harms relationships, work, and legal standing, and can worsen mental health symptoms.

Treatment combines behavioral therapies, support, and, when appropriate, medications. Brief interventions in healthcare settings, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, and family therapy are commonly used. Medications such as naltrexone, acamprosate, and disulfiram can help with cravings or abstinence, while supervised detoxification may be required for withdrawal. Mutual-help groups provide peer support and relapse prevention.

Public health approaches emphasize screening, early intervention, stigma reduction, and access to treatment. Recovery is possible, but outcomes vary based on multiple factors including engagement with care, social support, and coexisting conditions.