Alkoholami

Alkoholami, or alkanolamines, are a class of organic compounds that contain both an amino group (−NH2, −NHR, or −NR2) and one or more hydroxyl groups (−OH) in the same molecule. They are typically classified by the number of hydroxyl groups attached to the carbon skeleton and by the substitution of the nitrogen atom, with common members including monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA).

Structure and characteristics include that the amino group can be primary or secondary, and the hydroxyl groups contribute to high polarity and water solubility. Ethanolamines are usually colorless liquids or solids at room temperature and are typically viscous depending on substitution. They are hygroscopic and can act as bases due to the amine group.

Industrial production mainly involves the reaction of ethylene oxide with ammonia or with amines. Reaction of ethylene oxide with ammonia yields MEA; successive alkoxylation with additional ethylene oxide affords DEA and TEA. These products frequently appear as mixtures that are separated by distillation.

Uses span several sectors. Alkanolamines are used as surfactants and detergent additives, as intermediates in the synthesis of chemicals, in gas treating to remove CO2 and H2S, and as catalysts or stabilizers in polyurethane production. TEA, in particular, is widely used as a neutralizing agent and curing catalyst in foams.

Safety and properties: They are typically highly polar and water-soluble, with basic character from the amine group. They can cause irritation to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract; handle them with appropriate safety measures. Their environmental fate varies with structure, but many are readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.