triethanolamine

Triethanolamine, commonly abbreviated TEA, is N,N,N-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine. It is a tertiary amine bearing three hydroxyethyl substituents and has the chemical formula C6H15NO3. In its pure form it is a colorless to pale yellow viscous liquid that is miscible with water and many organic solvents, with a mild ammonia-like odor.

TEA is produced by the ethoxylation of ammonia or other amines with ethylene oxide, yielding the N,N,N-tris(hydroxyethyl) derivatives. It acts as a weak base and readily forms salts with acids. In industry and formulations, TEA serves as a pH adjuster, a stabilizer, and a coupling or emulsifying agent, and it is a common chemical intermediate in the manufacture of surfactants, detergents, cosmetics, and polyurethane foams.

In cosmetic and personal care products, TEA is used to neutralize fatty acids and to help stabilize emulsions and surfactant systems. It also appears as a building block for various triethanolamine salts, which function as surfactants or emulsifiers. Beyond cosmetics, TEA is used as a catalyst or processing additive in polyurethane chemistry and in certain paints, lubricants, and paper-processing applications.

Safety and regulatory considerations include the fact that TEA can irritate skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract with prolonged exposure. It can react with nitrosating agents to form nitrosamines, which are of regulatory concern in some jurisdictions, particularly in cosmetics. Handling requires appropriate PPE and ventilation; storage should protect against moisture and oxidizers. Environmentally, TEA is water-soluble and generally biodegradable, but spills should be contained to minimize aquatic exposure.