Akkoyunlu

The Akkoyunlu, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans, were a medieval Turkic federation that ruled a large territory in Eastern Anatolia, Azerbaijan, and northwestern Persia from the 14th century to the 16th century. The name "Akkoyunlu" translates to "White Sheep" in Turkic languages, a reference to the white sheep emblem on their banners.

The confederation emerged from tribal groupings and gradually consolidated power, becoming a significant force in the region. They were initially rivals of the Qara Qoyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomans) for dominance. A pivotal moment in Akkoyunlu history was the victory of Uzun Hasan (long Hasan) over the Qara Qoyunlu in 1467, which led to the Akkoyunlu expansion and their control over a vast area.

Under Uzun Hasan, the Akkoyunlu state saw administrative and military reforms. He engaged in diplomacy with European powers, notably Venice, in an effort to form a coalition against the expanding Ottoman Empire. However, his forces were eventually defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Bashkent in 1473.

Despite this setback, the Akkoyunlu continued to rule for a few more decades. The state was characterized by its tribal structure, a blend of nomadic and settled populations, and a Persianate culture that influenced its administration and arts. The Akkoyunlu ultimately fell to the Safavid dynasty, founded by Shah Ismail I, who defeated the last Akkoyunlu ruler, Alvand Mirzā, at the Battle of Sharur in 1501. The Safavid victory marked the end of Akkoyunlu rule and the beginning of a new era in Persian and Azerbaijani history.