Airlines

An airline is a company that provides air transport services for passengers, cargo, or mail. Airlines operate aircraft on scheduled services between defined routes, using a network of airports, crews, maintenance, and reservations systems.

Airlines vary by business model. Full-service carriers offer a wide range of destinations and services; low-cost carriers emphasize lower fares and a pay-for-use approach; regional airlines operate short-haul routes on behalf of larger carriers; cargo and charter airlines specialize in freight or chartered flights.

Operations include fleet planning, route networks, scheduling, and revenue management. Pricing relies on demand forecasting and yield optimization; ancillary revenues such as baggage fees and seat selection are common. Fuel, labor, maintenance, and depreciation are major cost factors.

Regulation is overseen by national civil aviation authorities; international standards are coordinated by ICAO, while IATA helps with industry-wide practices including safety, security, and ticketing. Airlines must obtain air operator certificates and comply with safety and security rules.

Market structure includes alliances, codeshare agreements, and sometimes mergers or acquisitions. Deregulation and liberalization in regions such as the United States and Europe reshaped competition, while consolidation has created large network carriers. Environmental concerns and fuel efficiency drive investment in newer aircraft and sustainable aviation fuels.

The airline industry emerged in the early 20th century and expanded after World War II. Deregulation in the United States (1978) and later liberalization elsewhere increased competition and pricing dynamics. Today, airlines rely on digital distribution, loyalty programs, and sophisticated operations to manage complex networks.