Ainu

The Ainu are an indigenous people of Japan, concentrated in the northern island of Hokkaido. They are also found in parts of the Russian Far East, most notably on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. The Ainu language, a language isolate distinct from Japanese and other Japonic languages, is critically endangered; most younger people have not learned it as a first language. Revitalization efforts include language classes, documentation projects, and cultural programs, and in 2020 Japan opened Upopoy, the National Ainu Museum and Park, in Hokkaido to promote education and culture.

Historically, Ainu society was organized around settled communities known as kotan and traditional economic activities included hunting, fishing, and gathering. They developed distinctive crafts, especially wood carving and textile work, and practiced music and dance. Spiritual beliefs emphasized nature, and certain rituals—such as the bear ceremony known as iyomante—were part of traditional practice; these are now subjects of debate and limited revival.

During the Meiji period (late 19th century), the Japanese state pursued assimilation policies that restricted use of the Ainu language and led to loss of land and autonomy. After World War II, discrimination persisted, but public recognition increased in the 21st century. In 2008 the government formally recognized the Ainu as an indigenous people of Japan, and policy measures have aimed to promote Ainu culture and language.

Today, tens of thousands identify as Ainu, primarily in Hokkaido, with smaller communities in Russia’s Sakhalin and Kuril regions. They maintain cultural practices, language revival efforts, and organizations such as Ainu associations and cultural centers.