Ag

Ag is the chemical symbol for silver, a metallic element with atomic number 47. Its Latin name argentum gives the symbol, and it is classified as a transition metal in group 11 and period 5. Silver has the electron configuration [Kr]4d10 5s1, a standard atomic weight of about 107.87, and two stable isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag. It is a soft, lustrous white metal known for exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and high malleability and ductility.

Natural silver occurs as native metal and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and chlorargyrite (AgCl). It is commonly found in association with lead, zinc, copper, and gold. Much of the world’s silver is produced as a byproduct of refining other metals, particularly lead and copper. Major producers include Mexico, Peru, Russia, Chile, Canada, and Australia. Refining processes obtain high-purity silver suitable for industrial and monetary uses.

Applications and compounds of silver are diverse. It is widely used in jewelry and coins due to its appearance and workability, and in electronics and photovoltaics for its outstanding conductivity. Silver compounds have historical and modern roles as antiseptics and in chemical photography; silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver halides were central to traditional photographic processes. Silver also forms amalgams with mercury and tarnishes in air to form silver sulfide (Ag2S) when exposed to sulfur-containing environments.

Safety and environmental aspects include the relatively low toxicity of elemental silver, though exposure to silver compounds can pose risks; chronic exposure can cause argyria, a bluish-gray skin discoloration.