Adhérions

Adhérions is a term used in biology to refer to the set of molecules and structures that mediate attachment between cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix. While terminology varies, adhérions generally include adhesion receptors, their ligands, and the intracellular protein networks that transduce signals and link to the cytoskeleton. Adhesive interactions are fundamental to tissue organization, development, wound repair, and immune surveillance, and they must be precisely regulated in space and time.

Major families of adhérions include integrins, which span the cell membrane and bind extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin; cadherins, which mediate calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion; and selectins, which mediate transient interactions of leukocytes with vascular endothelium. Other adhesion molecules, such as members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and syndecans, contribute to the adhesive repertoire. Adhérions operate as part of larger complexes that connect to the actin cytoskeleton.

Adhérions assemble into dynamic structures known as adhesomes. Receptor engagement triggers intracellular signaling through kinases such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src, altering gene expression and cytoskeletal organization. The link between receptor tails and actin is provided by adaptor proteins (for example, catenins for cadherins and talin/kindlin for integrins). Adhesion is modulated by phosphorylation, mechanical force, and receptor endocytosis.

Proper adhesive function supports development, tissue integrity, and healing. Dysregulation promotes cancer cell dissemination, fibrosis, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Bacterial pathogens also exploit adhesins to attach to host tissues.

Adhérions is not standard English terminology; in many texts the preferred terms are adhesion molecules or adhesion receptors. In French-language literature, adhérion or adhérence is used for related concepts.