Adenome

Adenome, or adenoma in English, is a benign tumor that originates from glandular epithelium or glandular tissue. The term derives from the Greek aden for gland and -oma meaning tumor. Adenomas are distinguished from adenocarcinomas, which are malignant. They typically form as well-circumscribed nodules that resemble normal glandular structures but show increased, organized proliferation. Most adenomas are nonfunctional, but some secrete hormones or other substances, leading to symptoms related to hormonal excess, mass effect, or complications.

Adenomas can develop in many organs, including the colon, pituitary, adrenal, liver, kidney, and thyroid. They are often noninvasive and do not metastasize, but their clinical significance depends on location, size, and whether they produce hormones. Colorectal adenomas (adenomatous polyps) are important as precursors to most colorectal cancers; they are categorized histologically as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous, and removal by endoscopy reduces cancer risk. Pituitary adenomas may be functioning (secreting prolactin, growth hormone, or ACTH) or nonfunctioning, and can cause endocrine symptoms or mass effects such as headaches or vision changes; treatment includes surgery, medical therapy, or radiotherapy. Adrenal adenomas are often incidental findings; functional adenomas secrete cortisol or aldosterone, potentially causing Cushing syndrome or hyperaldosteronism. Hepatic adenomas are rare, associated with hormonal factors, and carry risks of rupture or hemorrhage; management ranges from observation to surgical resection. Thyroid and renal adenomas are generally benign nodules that may require removal if uncertain or symptomatic.

Diagnosis relies on imaging and histology, with organ-specific treatment strategies. Prognosis is typically favorable for benign adenomas, though certain subtypes carry risks of hormonal effects, hemorrhage, or rare malignant transformation.