Actuatorssuch

Actuators are devices that convert energy into mechanical motion or force. They are used to move, position, or apply loads in machines, vehicles, and processes, and are integral to automation and control systems.

Actuators can be categorized by the energy they use: electric, fluid power (hydraulic or pneumatic), and thermal or magnetic. They may produce linear motion, rotary motion, or a combination. Electric actuators often provide precise control and are common in rectilinear or rotary applications; hydraulic actuators deliver high force in compact size; pneumatic actuators are simple and fast but typically less force-dense and precise.

Common types include electric motors (DC, AC, brushless) and linear actuators with leadscrews or ball screws; hydraulic cylinders; pneumatic cylinders; and specialty actuators such as piezoelectric, shape memory alloy, and electroactive polymer actuators.

Control of actuators is typically done with electronic controllers that may implement open-loop or closed-loop operation. Closed-loop systems use sensors such as encoders, potentiometers, LVDTs, or pressure/position sensors to adjust motion and improve accuracy, stability, and repeatability.

Applications span robotics, factory automation, aerospace, automotive actuation systems, medical devices, consumer electronics, and HVAC equipment. Selection depends on required force or torque, speed, travel, resolution, response time, operating environment, energy efficiency, maintenance, and cost.