Acholi

Acholi refers to a Nilotic-speaking ethnic group inhabiting northern Uganda and parts of South Sudan. They speak Acholi, a Luo language related to other Luo languages. In Uganda, the Acholi are concentrated in the Acholi sub-region, with large populations in Gulu, Kitgum, Pader, Amuru, Omoro, Agago, Lamwo, and Nwoya districts. Smaller communities live near the border in South Sudan and in diaspora communities abroad.

Culture and society are organized around clans and customary leadership, traditionally headed by local chiefs known as rwot. The Acholi place emphasis on family and community, with social ties playing a central role in daily life. Traditional arts include music and dance; the adungu, a bowed string instrument, and the endongo, a bow lyre, accompany dances such as larakaraka (a male dance) and bwola. Modern dress coexists with ceremonial attire during cultural events.

Religion and language: the majority are Christians, with Roman Catholics and Anglicans forming large groups, and minorities practicing Islam or traditional beliefs. Acholi is used in daily life, education, and cultural expressions within the region, while many speakers are bilingual in national languages such as English or Swahili in broader contexts.

History and contemporary issues: the Acholi region experienced colonization, post-independence political upheavals, and, from the 1980s, the Lord’s Resistance Army insurgency, which caused displacement and humanitarian challenges. Since the end of major hostilities, recovery efforts have focused on rebuilding infrastructure, education, healthcare, and livelihoods, alongside reconciliation initiatives. Notable Acholi include the poet and author Okot p’Bitek.