Accelerometreja

Accelerometreja, commonly known in English as accelerometers, are compact sensors that measure acceleration forces acting on them. They provide a vector of acceleration along one or more axes and are used to infer motion, orientation, and vibration. Readings correspond to proper acceleration, including inertial forces and gravity; when stationary, the gravity component serves as a reference for tilt estimation.

Most modern accelerometers are based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The most common type is capacitive MEMS, where a proof mass moves and changes capacitance, which is converted into an electrical signal. Piezoelectric accelerometers are used for high-dynamic-range measurements and fast response; piezoresistive variants are also employed. Some designs use optical sensing, but MEMS-based capacitive devices dominate consumer electronics.

Key specifications include range, sensitivity, resolution, noise density, bandwidth, bias stability, and temperature sensitivity. Many accelerometers are tri-axial, providing readings on X, Y, and Z. Calibration and offset compensation are common, and data from accelerometers are often fused with gyroscopes in an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate velocity and position.

Applications span consumer electronics (smartphones, wearables, tablets), automotive safety (airbags, electronic stability control), drones and robotics, and industrial vibration monitoring. The market includes standalone sensors and embedded IMUs in integrated circuits. Ongoing development aims for smaller size, lower power consumption, wider dynamic range, and improved sensor fusion algorithms.