Abuse

Abuse is the intentional or reckless mistreatment of a person or being that causes physical harm, emotional distress, economic loss, or a combination of these harms. It involves a pattern or power imbalance in which the perpetrator asserts control over the victim, often through repeated actions or ongoing neglect.

Abuse occurs in many contexts, including domestic or intimate partner relationships, families, schools, institutions, workplaces, and by caregivers or guardians. It can affect adults, children, elders, animals, or individuals with disabilities. Abuse is distinct from mutual conflict or disciplinary measures when consent, safety, and rights are respected.

Forms of abuse include physical, sexual, emotional or psychological, verbal, neglect, financial exploitation, digital or technology-based abuse, and coercive or controlling behaviors. Abuse may be isolated or part of a long-term pattern, and may occur in private or public settings, sometimes within institutions entrusted with care.

The consequences can be severe and long-lasting, including injuries, chronic health problems, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, impaired development in children, and barriers to education or employment. Victims may experience fear, isolation, financial dependence, or barriers to leaving abusive situations.

Indicators of abuse vary by type but may include unexplained injuries, withdrawal, talk of harm, sudden changes in behavior or finances, controlling behavior by others, or neglect of basic needs. If safety is at risk, take immediate steps to contact emergency services or protective authorities.

Responses include legal and social service remedies, such as protective orders, investigation by child or adult protective services, criminal charges where appropriate, and support services for safety, housing, and counseling. Prevention emphasizes awareness, reporting channels, access to resources, healthy relationship education, and community support.

Definitions and laws regarding abuse vary across jurisdictions. Data on prevalence differ due to reporting practices and cultural factors. Ongoing research, professional training, and comprehensive support systems are essential to reduce harm and protect potential and actual victims.