ANSIa

Ansia, in Italian, refers to a broad range of emotional states marked by worry, unease, and anticipation of potential threats. In everyday use it describes a normal reaction to stress that can help motivate preparation. When anxiety becomes frequent, intense, and lasting, it may constitute an anxiety disorder, requiring assessment and, if needed, treatment.

Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder (disturbo d’ansia generalizzato), panic disorder (disturbo di panico), social anxiety disorder (disturbo d’ansia sociale), and specific phobias (fobie specifiche). These conditions involve excessive or poorly controlled worry, fear, or avoidance that impairs daily life.

Common symptoms include physiological signs (rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, dizziness), cognitive signs (rumination, difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance), and behavioral changes (avoidance, withdrawal). Symptoms may vary in intensity and can fluctuate over time.

Causes are usually multifactorial, involving genetics, brain chemistry, temperament, life events, and medical or substance-related factors. Some individuals have a predisposition toward anxious responses; stress or traumatic experiences can trigger or worsen symptoms. Environmental and social factors also influence expression and coping.

Diagnosis is typically based on clinical evaluation and, when appropriate, standardized assessments. Treatments often combine psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or exposure therapy, with medications like antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors). Short-term use of benzodiazepines may be considered in some cases. Lifestyle measures, sleep, physical activity, and social support are important complementary strategies.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions globally, with onset often in adolescence or early adulthood. Stigma can affect recognition and help-seeking, but awareness and access to care have improved in many regions.