ACvõrku

ACvõrku is the term commonly used in Estonian to denote the alternating current electrical power distribution network, or power grid. It encompasses the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electricity delivered as alternating current.

The system consists of power plants, transmission lines, substations, and distribution networks that connect to end users. Electricity is generated at various sites, stepped up in voltage by transformers for long-distance transmission, and stepped down for local distribution and consumer use. Transmission operates at high voltages to minimize losses, while distribution delivers electricity at lower voltages suitable for households and businesses.

Operation is based on maintaining balance between supply and demand. Grid frequency, typically 50 hertz in most of Europe, is kept within tight limits through real-time monitoring and control. System operators use SCADA and energy management systems to coordinate generation, transmission, and load, and to trigger protective actions when faults occur. Ancillary services such as frequency regulation, voltage support, reserves, and demand response help maintain stability and reliability.

Key technologies include overhead transmission lines, underground cables, transformers, and switchgear, along with high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links used for long-distance or intercontinental connections and asynchronous interconnections. The rise of smart grid concepts integrates digital metering, sensors, and automation to improve monitoring, forecasting, and customer engagement.

Challenges facing ACvõrku include higher integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, aging infrastructure, the need for cross-border interconnections, cyber security, and the ongoing modernization of control and protection systems.