3Dmallinnus

3Dmallinnus (3D modeling) is the process of creating a mathematical representation of a three-dimensional object or scene, typically using computer software. Models are used across industries such as entertainment, product design, architecture, engineering, and simulation.

Common techniques include polygonal modeling, where surfaces are built from polygons (usually triangles or quads); NURBS-based modeling, which uses smooth mathematical curves; digital sculpting, which shapes forms like soft clay; and voxel-based approaches that represent space as a 3D grid. Models may be created from scratch, scanned from real objects, or generated procedurally.

A typical workflow involves blocking out basic shapes, refining topology to ensure clean geometry, unwrapping UVs for texture mapping, applying materials and textures, and setting up lighting and rendering. For 3D printing, models must be manifold and watertight, with appropriate dimensions and tolerances. In animation and games, rigs, textures, and shaders are added to enable movement and interactivity.

Common file formats for interchange include OBJ, STL, FBX, GLTF, and PLY, with CAD-oriented formats like STEP used in engineering contexts. Software ranges from free tools such as Blender to commercial packages like Autodesk Maya and 3ds Max, ZBrush for sculpting, SketchUp for architectural design, and Houdini for procedural work.

Applications of 3D mallinnus include film and video game production, architectural and product visualization, medical imaging, education, virtual reality, and simulation. The field has evolved from early computer graphics experiments toward widely accessible tools and pipelines, enabling artists and professionals to create realistic and complex 3D content.