122mm

The designation "122mm" most commonly refers to a caliber of artillery and its associated ammunition. This caliber has been historically significant, particularly in Soviet and Russian military designs.

In terms of artillery pieces, 122mm is the bore diameter of several howitzers and guns. Prominent examples include the Soviet D-30 122mm howitzer, known for its distinctive three-leg muzzle brake and ability to be towed. Another significant weapon is the A-19 122mm gun, which served in various roles including anti-tank and field artillery. These weapons were widely produced and exported, seeing service in numerous conflicts.

The ammunition used by 122mm artillery pieces encompasses a range of types. Standard high-explosive (HE) rounds are common for engaging personnel and fortifications. Armor-piercing (AP) rounds were also developed for anti-tank capabilities, though the effectiveness varied with the specific gun and target. Fragmentation, smoke, and illumination rounds are also part of the typical ammunition load.

Beyond direct artillery, the 122mm designation can also appear in other contexts, such as in certain rocket systems or as a caliber for some smaller naval guns or anti-aircraft guns, though these are less common associations than its primary role in ground artillery. The prevalence of 122mm artillery in many arsenals worldwide underscores its historical importance in conventional warfare.