étatisme

Étatism, or etatisme, is a political doctrine or stance that emphasizes extensive state intervention in the economy and society. It holds that public power should guide, regulate, and often own or direct important aspects of economic and social life, rather than leaving outcomes primarily to private market forces.

The term derives from the French word état, meaning state. While it is sometimes used pejoratively, etatisme encompasses a range of positions—from robust welfare and regulatory states to more directive forms of economic management. It is distinct from laissez-faire capitalism, though it often coexists with mixed economies that combine public and private sectors.

Variants of etatisme include welfare statism (emphasis on public social protections and services), developmental or dirigiste statism (government-led industrial policy and strategic economic planning), and state capitalism (extensive public control within a market framework). In some contexts, etatisme is associated with centralized planning or heavy regulation, while in others it underlines a robust public sector within a competitive market.

Historically, etatism rose with industrialization and the expansion of public administration. In the 20th century, many democracies adopted extensive welfare programs, public ownership in key industries, and regulatory regimes. Critics—economists favoring liberalization or libertarian viewpoints—argue that high levels of state involvement can hinder innovation, create inefficiencies, and concentrate power. Proponents contend that state action is needed to provide public goods, reduce inequality, and stabilize the economy or promote strategic goals.

Today, etatisme remains a central point in debates over taxation, regulation, public services, and the balance between market forces and government intervention.