Ójöfnuði

Ójöfnuði, translated as inequality, refers to the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities and privileges within a population. It covers economic inequality (income and wealth) as well as social and political dimensions such as education, health, housing, gender, and minority status. The term is used in social sciences to analyze disparities among individuals and groups and how these disparities persist or change over time.

Measuring ójöfnuði involves quantitative indicators such as the Gini coefficient (which ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater inequality), the Palma ratio (top 10% versus bottom 40%), and the Theil index, among other metrics. Analysts also examine disparities in wealth, educational achievement, health outcomes, and access to housing or political influence to form a broader picture of inequality within a society.

Causes of inequality are diverse and include differences in human capital, labor market structures, technology, globalization, public policy, taxation, and discrimination. Consequences can be profound, affecting individuals’ life prospects, social cohesion, health, and economic mobility, and they may influence political behavior and stability.

Policy responses to ójöfnuði typically aim to reduce gaps while sustaining growth. Tools include progressive taxation and social protection, investments in education and job training, universal or affordable healthcare, housing policies, and anti-discrimination measures. The goal is to create a more equitable distribution of opportunities and outcomes.

In Iceland and other Nordic countries, strong welfare states and comprehensive public services are designed to mitigate persistent inequality, though gaps remain in areas such as the gender pay gap and housing access. See also: Income inequality, Wealth inequality, Gini coefficient, Nordic model.