üzerinden

Üzerinden is a Turkish postposition that attaches to a noun to indicate movement across a surface, passage through a medium, or the span of time since something occurred. It is derived from the noun üst/üzeri meaning surface or top, combined with a directional postposition, and is used in various contexts with different nuances of meaning.

Common uses include:

- Spatial or physical passage over a surface: köprü üzerinden karşıya geçtiler (they crossed to the other side via the bridge). Kedi masanın üzerinden geçti (the cat went over the table).

- Indicating elapsed time since an event: Olayın üzerinden iki gün geçti (Two days have passed since the event). This sense emphasizes the interval that has passed.

- Via or through a channel or medium: haber internet üzerinden yayımlandı (the news was published via the Internet). Designations such as internet üzerinden, telefon üzerinden, televizyon üzerinden are typical pairings to express mode of transmission or communication.

Grammatical notes:

- Üzerinden functions as a postposition and follows the noun it governs, rather than preceding it as a preposition. It can combine with both concrete nouns (surface, bridge, table) and abstract mediums (internet, media, programs).

- It is relatively common in both formal and informal Turkish and can often be substituted by other constructions depending on the exact nuance (e.g., through, via, or over with synonyms).

In summary, üzerinden conveys crossing or transfer over a surface, along with the related sense of time elapsed or transmission through a particular medium, making it a versatile expression in Turkish.