ülikonnad

**Ülikonnad** (singular: *ülikond*) refer to a traditional Estonian folk instrument, primarily used in rural music and ceremonial contexts. The term derives from the Estonian words *üli* (meaning "above" or "upper") and *kond* (referring to a type of stringed instrument), reflecting its distinctive construction. Ülikonnad belong to the family of bowed string instruments, closely related to the violin but with unique acoustic and cultural characteristics.

The traditional ülikond features a small, pear-shaped body with a slightly curved neck and four strings, typically tuned to a diatonic scale. Unlike the violin, it often lacks a scroll (the curved top piece) and may have a more elongated neck. The instrument is played with a bow, producing a bright, resonant tone that is well-suited for folk melodies, dances, and ritual music. Variations in size and tuning exist, with some regional forms having five or six strings.

Ülikonnad were historically played in Estonian villages during festivals, weddings, and funerals, serving both musical and symbolic roles. They were often accompanied by other folk instruments, such as the *kannel* (zither) or *torupill* (bagpipe). The instrument’s use declined with the spread of Western classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries but experienced a revival in the late 20th century as part of efforts to preserve Estonian cultural heritage.

Modern ülikonnad may incorporate slight modifications to improve playability or tonal quality, though traditional craftsmanship remains valued. The instrument is occasionally featured in contemporary folk ensembles and educational programs aimed at promoting Estonian musical traditions. Its distinct sound and historical significance make it an important symbol of Estonian folk culture.